Biography of Thomas Adams, American Inventor

History of Thomas Adams, American Inventor Thomas Adams (May 4, 1818â€February 7, 1905) was an American creator. In 1871, he protected a machine that could mass produce biting gum from chicle. Adams later worked with agent William Wrigley, Jr. to set up the American Chicle Company, which experienced extraordinary accomplishment in the biting gum industry. Quick Facts: Thomas Adams Known For: Adams was an American creator who established the biting gum industry.Born: May 4, 1818 in New York CityDied: February 7, 1905 in New York City Early Life Thomas Adams was conceived on May 4, 1818, in New York City. There is minimal recorded data about his initial life; be that as it may, it is realized that he fiddled with different exchanges including glassmaking-before in the long run turning into a picture taker. Examinations With Chicle During the 1850s, Adams was living in New York and filling in as a secretary for Antonio de Santa Anna. The Mexican general was in a state of banishment, living with Adams in his Staten Island home. Adams saw that Santa Anna got a kick out of the chance to bite the gum of the Manilkara tree, which was known as chicle. Such characteristic items had been utilized as biting gum for a huge number of years by gatherings, for example, the antiquated Egyptians, Greeks, and Aztecs. In North America, biting gum had for quite some time been utilized by Native Americans, from whom British pilgrims in the long run received the training. Afterward, representative and creator John B. Curtis turned into the primary individual to sell gum financially. His gum was produced using improved paraffin wax. It was Santa Anna who proposed that the fruitless yet innovative picture taker Adams try different things with chicle from Mexico. Santa Clause Anna felt that chicle could be utilized to make a manufactured elastic tire. Santa Clause Anna had companions in Mexico who might have the option to gracefully the item economically to Adams. Prior to making biting gum, Thomas Adams originally attempted to transform chicle into manufactured elastic items. At that point, regular elastic was costly; an engineered option would have been amazingly valuable to numerous producers and would have ensured its innovator incredible riches. Adams endeavored to make toys, covers, downpour boots, and bike wears out of the chicle from Mexican sapodilla trees, yet every analysis fizzled. Adams got crippled by his inability to utilize chicle as an elastic substitute. He believed he had squandered about a years worth of work. At some point, Adams saw a young lady purchasing White Mountain paraffin wax biting gum for a penny at the corner drugstore. He reviewed that chicle was utilized as biting gum in Mexico and figured this would be an approach to utilize his excess chicle. As per a 1944 discourse given by Adams grandson Horatio at a feast for the American Chicle Company, Adams proposed to set up a trial bunch, which the drug specialist at the drugstore consented to test. Adams got back home from the gathering and told his child Thomas Jr. about his thought. His child, energized by the recommendation, proposed that the two assembling a few boxes of chicle biting gum and give the item a name and a mark. Thomas Jr. was a sales rep (he sold fitting supplies and some of the time went as far west as the Mississippi River), and he offered to take the biting gum on his next outing to check whether he could sell it. Biting Gum In 1869, Adams was roused to transform his excess stock into biting gum by adding enhancing to the chicle. Not long after, he opened the universes first biting gum processing plant. In February 1871, Adams New York Gum went marked down in sedate stores for a penny a piece. The gumballs came in coverings of various hues in a case with an image of New Yorks City Hall on the spread. The endeavor was such a triumph, that Adams was headed to plan a machine that could mass-produce the gum, permitting him to take care of bigger requests. He got a patent for this gadget in 1871. As per The Encyclopedia of New York City, Adams sold his unique gumâ with the motto Adams New York Gum No. 1 - Snapping and Stretching. In 1888, another Adams biting gum called Tutti-Frutti turned into the primary gum to be sold in aâ vending machine. The machines were situated in New York City metro stations and furthermore sold different assortments of Adams gum. Adams items end up being mainstream, considerably more so than the current gum items available, and he immediately overwhelmed his rivals. His organization appeared Black Jack (a licorice-seasoned gum) in 1884 and Chiclets (named after chicle) in 1899. Adams blended his organization with other gum producers from the United States and Canada in 1899 to frame the American Chicle Company, of which he was the primary director. Different organizations that converged into it included W.J. White and Son, Beeman Chemical Company, Kisme Gum, and S.T. Briton. The rising prominence of biting gum in the decades that followed drove researchers to grow new engineered adaptations; by the by, some good old chicle assortments are as yet made and sold today. Demise Adams in the end ventured down from his initiative situation at the American Chicle Company, however he stayed on the top managerial staff into his late 80s. He passed on February 7, 1905, in New York. Inheritance Adams was not the innovator of biting gum. By and by, his creation of a gadget for mass delivering biting gum, alongside his endeavors to advance it, brought forth the biting gum industry in the United States. One of his items Chiclets, first presented in 1900-is as yet sold the world over today. In 2018, biting gum deals totaled about $4 billion in the United States. The American Chicle Company was bought by a pharmaceutical organization in 1962. In 1997, the organization was renamed Adams to pay tribute to its originator; it is as of now possessed by the candy parlor combination Cadbury, which is situated in England. Sources Dulken, Stephen Van. American Inventions: a History of Curious, Extraordinary, and Just Plain Useful Patents. New York University Press, 2004.McCarthy, Meghan. Pop!: The Invention of Bubble Gum. Simon Schuster, 2010.Segrave, Kerry. Chewing Gum in America, 1850-1920: the Rise of an Industry. McFarland Co., 2015.

A Research of How health and safety affect employees productivity and Essay

A Research of How wellbeing and security influence workers efficiency and friends benefits in Koh Brothers Group - Essay Example Writing Review 4 2.1 Introduction to Literature Review 4 2.2 Importance of Health and Safety at Workplace 5 2.3 Health and Safety at Koh Brothers 6 3. Research Methodology 7 4. End 10 References 12 1. Presentation 1.1 Background of the Company Koh Brothers is a settled development, property improvement and pro designing supplier in Singapore. The organization was begun by Mr Koh Tiat Meng in the year 1966. They have different achievement extends under them, for example, flood lightening, tallying Rochor Canal and Kallang River to give some examples. The gathering has wide-going development administrations and 40 auxiliaries, joint endeavors and related organizations which are spread over Singapore, China, Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam. Aside from development, they have enhanced business in building materials, land, relaxation and cordiality. The organization has gotten A1 evaluating by Building and Construction Authority (BCA) which empowered them to embrace different structural de signing undertakings and building ventures throughout the years. Koh Brothers is as of now the most elevated evaluation for contractor’s enrollment in this classification. 1.2 Research title, Research Question, Research Objectives The report primarily centers into the wellbeing and security measures kept up by the organization and how it can influence an employee’s efficiency and friends benefits. ... Additionally, high number of mishaps and representative infection may result in company’s declining benefit. Along these lines, wellbeing and security guidelines ought to be improved and very much executed so as to increment company’s benefits and employee’s spirit in which lead to facilitate profitability. This can build organization benefits as it increment company’s notorieties according to speculators and partners. 2. Writing Review 2.1 Introduction to Literature Review Our focal point of study is to investigate the wellbeing and security guidelines kept up by Koh Brothers and how it has helped them to support the representative execution and furthermore support the organization benefits. As per EANPC â€Å"Productivity is an outflow of how productively and viably merchandise and ventures (for example products and enterprises which are requested by clients) are being delivered. In this way, its key attributes are that it is communicated in physical or financial units - in amounts or qualities (cash) - in light of estimations which are made at various levels: fair and square of the economy generally speaking, that of an area or part of the economy, that of the undertaking and its individual plants/units and that of individuals† (EANPC, 2005). Being a development organization, Koh Brothers put a great deal of weight on Human Resource. They accept that their kin are behind the accomplishment of their organization. Part of wellbeing and security measures are taken by them to guarantee their insurance and care. Their staff under-experience predictable updating course to ensure that they can build up their recently discovered aptitudes, decide new efficiencies for their expert turn of events, and accomplish better fulfillment in their work. 2.2 Importance of Health and Safety at Workplace Research has indicated that fulfilled and glad representatives

Essay Topics On Moby Dick

Essay Topics On Moby DickIf you have ever had to write a Moby Dick essay, then you are aware of how challenging and interesting this type of assignment can be. If you have a high school diploma or less, your opportunities for research are limited; however, when you have a greater background in writing, you may be able to write a Moby Dick essay based on your own research.In addition to the difficulty of some essay topics, there is also the possibility that you may not have taken a course on this topic prior to entering college. If this is the case, your first instinct may be to research the topic on your own. This type of essay, however, should not be done without the assistance of an instructor or guide.It is suggested that you use a textbook for this assignment; if you have not taken any classes on the subject, the oral exams could prove to be disappointing. The same goes for any assignments from a college level course. Your professor or guide should review the material that you ar e going to use and provide suggestions on how to approach the assignment. This is an important consideration before you begin the research and writing process.Many schools also suggest that you take part in the journal articles that focus on essay topics that may be unfamiliar to you. These include writings on Moby Dick, the Northern exploration, and other topics of interest. Taking part in these activities can help you familiarize yourself with the topic.Essay topics on Moby Dick require you to examine various aspects of the story and analyze it from different perspectives. This is something that will make the assignment easier for you as you gain familiarity with the facts. It is also a good idea to study specific passages of the novel as well.You should also be able to use a dictionary and reference works to make specific points. In addition, you should be able to discuss important details such as the length of the voyage, the presence of dogs and cats, and other aspects of the v oyage. Knowing these types of details can make the writing process more enjoyable for you and help you to avoid coming up with false claims.One of the best parts about essay topics like this is that you can use the information as a starting point for further research. This can include reading other books, engaging in discussions with other students, and even taking part in open forums such as message boards. These are all ways to bring information together into a cohesive whole.In addition to your course work, you may want to participate in outside activities such as the Student Resource Center. These types of activities will be a great way to keep yourself engaged with the subjects that you will be discussing. Doing so will ensure that you will be the best writer in your class.

A Brief Note On The Public Health Director - 1499 Words

HIA of Middleton, MA Introduction Middleton is a rural, 14 square mile, town located in the Essex County of Massachusetts. Its population is 8,987 people as of 2000; 18.6% of Middleton’s population is 60 and over. 54% of the land is forestry and wetlands. Only 18% is residential, 1% commercial, 1 public area, and the rest is mainly 3% cropland and 4% pasture. There are no public transportation or bike lanes within the town of Middleton. Team development Derek Fullerton, RS/REHS,CHO Director of Public Health healthdirector@townofmiddleton.org 978-777-1869 The public health director would be an excellent person to have on the committee team, because the director would know of current issues within the town that relate to public health. They would have the training on health impact assessments, and they would be able to consider both environmental and social determinant factors when discussing the public health for the town. Traci Mello, RN, BSN Public Health Nurse phn@townofmiddleton.org 978-777-1869 The public health nurse has the extra medical training and understanding of human health that would bring a more clinical aspect to the committee team. It makes sense to ask this person the chronic health issues and what choices would help improve the quality of life for the citizens. Mello worked on the â€Å"Hiking for Health History of Middleton† brochure that promoted hiking and walking to improve health. Susan J Gannon Executive Director of the Council of AgingShow MoreRelatedDefense Against Terrorism1661 Words   |  7 PagesIn the years following the September 11th terrorist attacks, homeland security has been at the forefront of American public policy. According to a January 2015 Pew Research poll, seventy-five percent of Americans believe that protecting the Homeland against terrorism should be the number one priority for policy makers (Pew Research Center 2015). 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Studying Eras through Art and Architecture - 2397 Words

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Personal Narrative My Sister, Kampbell - 1819 Words

Back in 2012 my sister, Kampbell, decided that she had an interest in gymnastics. My parents, being the loving people they are to her, let her join Kids In Motion, a gymnastics facility in Washington, Missouri. She had a lot of fun with it and has actually got really good. She goes to practice three times a week and has had multiple competitions all around Missouri and I go to most of them. Gymnastics is not the only sport that she plays, she plays volleyball, gymnastics, and she also wants to join cheer when she gets to high school. Currently, she goes to St. George Catholic School and is in eighth grade. Over last summer the national gymnastic competition was in Kingsport, Tennessee, which is the closest to us that it has been in a long†¦show more content†¦Each week we were getting more and more anxious to go. All of a sudden it was time to pack because it was the day before. That morning, I went to weights, when I came back and showered, we were in the car and we left. B efore we got out of town we had to stop at BP, in Hermann, and get something to drink. After a while on Interstate 70, we decided to stop and get something to eat at Chick-fil-A in Warrenton, MO. Once we hit the road again, we didn’t see much, but I will never forget when we crossed the Stan Musial Veterans Memorial Bridge, over the Mississippi River, into Illinois because it was the first time we have ever driven a car over the Mississippi River. About the time when we got to Mt Vernon, Illinois, I asked my mom if we could go to the Louisville Bats game, they are the AAA team for the Cincinnati Reds, they were playing the Columbus Clippers, AAA team of the Cleveland Indians. It started at seven, and it would be something to do because I really wanted to do something. After a little convincing, she said yes, so I started looking for tickets, they were only thirteen dollars! When we bought them, we must have been in a bad cellular signal zone because something happened and it didn’t work, we did not know until we got there. When we got there we went to the box office, got three tickets, then we got some food and sat down in our seats, about thirteen rows back from home plate. The stadium was beautiful, they had a

E-Banking in Bangladesh the Future of Banking free essay sample

E-banking is a form of banking where funds are transferred through an exchange of electronic signals between financial institution, rather than exchange of cash, cheeks or other negotiable instruments. With the expansion of global Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure and the internet, e-banking is set to play a pivotal role in the national economy, proper software, infrastructure, cyber low and skilled manpower are important for the implementation of e-banking in the country. This paper overview the issues associated with e-banking and try to explore the future challenges and prospect in Bangladesh. Key Words: ATM, SMS banking, EFT, SWIFT channel, POS, Call center, DES, RSA, MAC. Introduction: In a constantly changing world of today, where past is replaced by dynamic present and the dynamic present is being replaced by more challenging future, the old ways of doing things is no longer valid. Change is permanent and a reality. Those who are not able to keep pace with the changes are destined to loose the race. Science and technology is changing the way financial institutions perform their transactions. Today’s banks are shaking by these technological changes. Life has never been so easy, comfortable, and luxurious. Science and technology have brought our life to this stage. But a new technology brings with it not only the potential for success but also a never-ending series of questions regarding its design, its value to its users, ultimate use and acceptability. Assistant Professor, School of Business Studies, State University of Bangladesh 1 E-banking is a form of banking where funds are transferred through an exchange of electronic signal between financial institutions, rather than exchange of cash, checks, or other negotiable instruments. For many consumers, electronic banking means 24 hours access to cash through an ATM or direct deposit of paychecks in to checking and savings accounts. Literature Review With the extensive technology innovation and telecommunication, we have seen new financial distribution channels increasing rapidly both in the numbers and form, from ATMs, telephone banking, PC banking to internet banking. (Earring Wood and Story, 1996). Developing alternative distribution channels is not only important in terms of reducing costs and improving competitiveness, but also in terms of financial institution’s ability to retain the existing customer case. (Kimball and Gregor, 1995) as well as to attract new customers. Sathye (1999) proposed a model for Internet Banking in Australia is significantly influenced by variables of system insecurity, case of use awareness of service and its benefits, reasonable price, availability of infrastructure and resistance to change. The transformation from traditional brick-and-mortar banking to E-Banking has been Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) and thus the retail banking industry witnessed significant and extensive change. Formally, E-banking comprises various formats or technologies, including telephone (both land line and cell phone banking, direct bill payment (EFT), and PC or internet banking (Power, 2000). Weitzman, (2000), Lassar, Manolits and Lassar, (2005), Ehou and Chou (2000) identified five basic services associated with online banking: view account balances, and transaction histories, paying bills, transferring funds between accounts, requesting credit card advance, and ordering checks. Majority of banks of banks is planning to introduce ICT for integration of banking service and new finance service, which will play a vital role in bringing efficiency in financial sector (Raihan, 2001). The most commonly factors are ease of use, transaction security, convenience and speediness (Wan, Luk and Chow, 2005). Organization theorists and practioners have defined e-banking in various ways. A Survey of Electronic Banking, Electronic Cash and Internet Gaming (2003), has defined electronic banking as â€Å"an umbrella term for the process by which a customer may perform banking transactions electronically without visiting a brick and mortar institution†. The following terms all refer to one form or another of electronic banking: personal banking,(pc) virtual banking, on line banking, home Banking, remote electronic banking, and phone banking are the most frequently used designations, (Joris, Claessens, Valentine Dem et. l,2001),on line electronic banking system give every body the opportunity for easy access to their banking activities. These banking activities may include; retrieving an account balance, money transfers 2 (Between a user’s accounts, from user’s account to someone else’s account) retrieving an accounting history. Some banks also allow services such as stock market transactions, and the submission of standardized accounting payment files for bank transfer, to third parties, As technology evolves, different kinds of electronic banking system emerge, each bringing a new dimension to the interaction between user and bank. The ATM is the first well-known system that was introduced to facilitate the access of the user to his banking activities, (M. Rahman, 2003), E-banking is a form of banking where funds are transferred through an exchange of electronic signals between financial institution, rather than exchange of cash, checks or other negotiable instruments common wealth bank of Australia, (2006) defined E- banking as â€Å"a range of banking services that utilizes electronic equipment†. Electronic equipments are ATM machine card (plastic), PIN, password, code or net code etc. With the extensive technology innovation and telecommunication. We have seen new financial distribution channels increasing rapidly both in the numbers and form, from ATM’s, telephone banking, PC banking to internet banking. A broad range of financial distribution channels must be available to deliver varying services needs of customers segments (Earring wood and story, 1996). Developing alternative distribution channels is not only important in terms of reducing costs and improving competitiveness but also in terms of a financial institution’s bility to retain the existing customer case (Kimball and Gregor, 1995) as well as to future attract new customers. While the trend within the banking industry is to replace human tellers with self-service distribution channel’s. the strength of customer intentions for usage of human tellers within the next two years support the concept that the branch will still play an instrumental rate in the delivery of services to cust omers in the future. (Greenland,1995; Woodruff, 19*95; Thornton and White, 2000). Sathye (1999) proposed a model for Internet Banking Adoption, which argued that the Intention of Internet Banking in Australia is significantly influenced by variables of system insecurity, case of use awareness of service and its benefits, reasonable price, availability of infrastructure and resistance to charge. The Willis Report (1997 in Sathye, 1999) Stated that the technology must be reasonably priced relative to alternatives for customers to adopt. Otherwise the acceptance of the new technology may not be viable from customer’s stand point. Customers today are more conscious of the expenses associated with the banking as they are generally better informed about alternative option. The total costs incurred in using Internet Banking must be minimal or competitive (Joyawardhena and foley, 2000). Howard and Moore (1982) reported that consumers must be aware of the new brand before adoption. Therefore it is important factor that the boxes have to create awareness on internet banking to the consumers. Adoption means acceptance and continued use of a 3 product, service and idea. Customers go through a process of knowledge, persuasion, decision and confirmation before they adopt the product or services. Offer the internet banking; the greater the awareness level among customers and therefore the higher will be internet banking adoption. Besides awareness, the service provided by the banks should be perceived to be innovative with high quality and user friendliness to meet an individual’s expectation. Cooper (1997) reported that case of use of innovation product or service as one of the three important characteristics for adoption from the customer’s perspective. This is related to user friendliness and ease of navigation as well as simple institutions to use the service. E-banking is the waves of the future. It provides enormous benefits to consumers in terms of case and cost of transactions, either through internet, telephone or other electronic delivery channels (Nsouli and Schaechter, 2002) E-banking development would lead to two classes of surviving banks, which are very large banks and small niche ones (Dewan and Seismanm, 2002). Through the E-banking, smaller banks could compete by offering portals to the services offered by larger banks (Holland and Westwood, 2001) with this development, banks could use E-banking to focus an customer need in order to gain the strongest competitive advantage (Wind, 2001). The transformation from traditional brick-and-mortar banking to E-banking has been automatic teller machine (ATM) has the retail banking industry witnessed such significant and extensive change. Formally, E-banking comprises varies formats or technologies, including telephone (both landline and cell phone banking, direct bill payment (EFT), and PC or internet banking (Power, 2000); Weitzman, 2000; Lassar, Manolits and Lassar, (2005), Ehou and Chou (2000) identified five basic services associated with online banking: view account balances, and transaction histories; paying bills, transferring funds between accounts; requesting credit card advanced; and ordering checks. Majority of banks is planning to introduce ICT for integration of banking service and new finance service, which will play a vital role in bragging efficiency in the financial sector (Raihan, 2001). The most commonly factors are ease of use, transaction security, convenience and speediness (Wan, Luk and Chow, 2005). ICT networking has offered a wide range of delivering channel’s in retail banking. Banking institutions need to exploit opportunities that arise from these development and changes to remain competitive. The successful financial institutions in the future will be those that are able to leverage most from the information and communication technology revolution. Increasingly consumers are also demanding more efficient banking services are becoming more discrediting of the power that the technology brings. The winners will be those financial institutions that are able to harness on the Capability of ICT in making strategies decisions in terms of inability leader alignment of business, enhancing 4 organizational capacity and capability, risk management and building better customer relationships CC the rapid pace of advancement. A survey of electronic cash, electronic banking and internet gaming (2002) reported that the term electronic cash, e-cash or e-money refer to electronic payment schemes that enable consumer to store and redeem financial value. They operate via stored electronic units of value. Paid for in advance by conventional money and representing equivalent units in real currency, these funds can be transferred between vendors and individuals using compatible electronic system, in some cases consumers report to banks or other financial intimidators. E-cash (e-money) comes in two forms: smart card e-cash and computer e-cash Major Research Questions Q1. What is the present (April, 2009) status of e-banking in Bangladesh? Q2. What are various forms of E-banking available in Bangladesh? Q3. What are the differences between e-commerce and e-banking? Q4. What are the operational issues of E-banking in Bangladesh? Q5. How much secure is the E-banking in Bangladesh? Q6. Where is E-banking going in Bangladesh? Objectives of the Study The following are the major objectives of this study: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) To examine the present (April, 2009) status of E-banking in Bangladesh. To identify various forms of E-banking available in Bangladesh. To trace out similarities and differences between E-commerce and E-banking. To examine the three factor authentication for E-banking in Bangladesh. To provide guidelines how can we assure the highest standards of security to combine with maximum flexibility? To identify the future challenges posed by the E-banking in Bangladesh. A few recommendations on the policy issues regarding E-banking in Bangladesh. Methodology of the Study Both primary and secondary data collection methods are applied for this study purpose. I have collected data through check list, interview with the head of IT and from some published sources. This research is basically exploratory and descriptive in nature. Limitations of the study 5 a) b) c) d) We have not focused on various modes of E-banking. We have not made comparison with banking practice around the world. We have not provided insight for security in e-banking system. We have not focused on the critical issues on security in e-banking. What is E-Banking? The following chart exhibits the definition of E-Banking. E-Commerce E-Finance E-Money E-Banking ATM Services Any branch banking Internet Banking Virtual Banking SMS banking Wireless Application Protocols Telephone Banking Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT) SWIFT Channel Other electronic delivery channels Other on line Financial Services and Products E-Commerce: The Phenomenon of Electronic Commerce has permeated into every aspect of our life today. Electronic Commerce has been around for the last two decades in some form or the other, but the new force that is driving Electronic Commerce is the Internet, which is revolutionizing the way companies around the globe conduct business. Internet based electronic commerce is playing a critical role in addressing strategic, mission critical business needs of the companies and hence the companies are making it an integral part of their business strategies. 6 Globally, according to a survey conducted by IDC, currently the electronic commerce over the Internet is some $26 billion, while it is expected to reach about $1. 5 trillion by 2008-09. These mind boggling, figures are sufficient for any sane individual, even vaguely connected to industry, trade or commerce, to understand the potentially radical influence that E-commerce is having on human society. All this is due to the Internet, a simple network of networks of computers across the globe, linked through various means: cable, satellite, telephone lines etc. based on the TCP/IP protocol. This network has not only altered the way we conduct trade and commerce, but also fundamentally altered the way we communicate, the way we live and to some extent, the way we think. Simply, E-commerce is buying and selling on electronic networks, predominantly the Internet. This could involve trade of tangible goods/services similar to traditional commerce, or intangible items like music, information and involving digital transfer etc. The World Trade Organization (WTO) distinguishes six main instruments of electronic commerce: The Telephone, the fax, the television, Electronic payment and money transfer systems, Electronic Data Interchange, and The Internet. Though the telephone, fax, TV and EDI have been in existence for some time, but when people talk of E-commerce, they usually refer to Internet Business, wherein goods or services are traded on the net. Fundamentally, there are two types of electronic commerce – 1. Business to Business electronic commerce (B2B), and 2. Business to Consumer electronic commerce (B2C) B2B E-commerce is today about 80% of total E-commerce in the world, due to its advantages like: reduced transaction costs, improved product quality , improved service, minimal investment for global reach, reduced inventory costs etc. B2C or retail E-commerce is nowhere near B2B in terms of size but it is growing phenomenally as far as volumes are concerned. More and more people are taking to shopping on the Internet due to the following factors: Convenience, More choice, more range, Better prices, etc. DRIVERS OF E-COMMERCE The following broad themes have been identified as the driving forces for the phenomenal growth of E-commerce globally: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) Electronic Commerce is easy and affordable Electronic Commerce transforms the market place Electronic Commerce has a catalytic effect Enhanced customer service Electronic commerce over the Internet vastly increases interactivity in the economy Openness is the underlying technical and philosophical tenet of the expansion of Ecommerce 7 (vii) Electronic commerce alters the relative importance of time E-Money E-money includes electronic debit and credit system, smart card. The smart card has been defined many ways, but is generally defined as â€Å"portable data storage device with intelligence (chip memory) and provision for identity and security. † In their simplest forms, these cards are small microcomputers—lacking only external power supply, displays, and keyboards. One of the most widely tested stored value cards offered by Mondex, has an electric wallet, available as an optional accessory, with both of these peripheral devices. The microprocessor chip in a stored –value card is specialized and custom-designed, generally with specific patented control and production circuits. Certain data, primarily related to the security of the card, can be entered only at the time of manufacture. In addition to a microprocessor each card generally has several kilobytes of permanent memory, both rewritable and non-rewriteable. A new technology brings with it not only the potential for success. But also a neverending series of questions regarding its design, its value to the user, its ultimate use and acceptability. In this paper the term smart cards, stored-value cards and electronic money will be used to denote money in the form of â€Å"value†, whether it is issued in card-based or network-based form. Although there are technical differences the term â€Å"smart card† is generally used interchangeably with stored-value card. There are many questions regarding these new payments devices that need to be answered by the designers, issuers, and regulators of these devices. This innovation has the potential of changing the retail payments arena in a way that has not happened since the advent of the credit card. But at this time it is only potential. Although there has been significant effort made to eliminate paper-based payment transactions, the basic way of handling payments by consumers has not changed. Storedvalue cards may help to make the transition from paper-based payments to electronicallybased payments more likely as these cards incorporate familiar aspects of using money in a way that could prove to be both convenient and acceptable to the public. As money technology has evolved, methods of payment have also changed, but cash still often remains a preferred method of payment by many people. Over the past few decades various media and industry experts have predicted the demise of cash and the advent of 8 the â€Å"cashless† society. However, recent survey results showed that the preferred form of payments by consumers and merchants was still cash. Table 1 presents the results of that survey Preferred Forms of Payments By Consumers Cash 3rd Party Credit Cards (i. e. , Visa) Check Store Credit Cards Debit Cards Others 54. 2% 38. 5% 23. 4% 6. 5% 1. 0% 1. 1% *Percentages will not add to 100%, due to format of questions asked. Table-1: World-wide Preferred forms of Payments The survey, conducted by Ernst Young, showed also that 58% of retailers had a preference for cash transactions. The evidence from this survey is noteworthy, as it is easy to see the vast market potential for a product such as the smart card that is designed to be a replacement primarily for cash transactions. The number of cash purchases far exceeded any other payment method, although their value accounts for less than 20 percent of the value of total consumer transactions on a monthly basis.